easy way to know what country is in what continent

Countries and territories located in more than one continent

A map of transcontinental countries, and countries that control territory in more i continent.

 Contiguous transcontinental countries.

 Non-face-to-face transcontinental countries.

 Countries that may exist considered transcontinental, depending on the legal condition of their claims or the definition of continental boundaries used.

This is a listing of countries with territory that straddles more than ane continent, known as transcontinental states or intercontinental states.^[i]

Face-to-face transcontinental countries are states that have one continuous or immediately-adjacent slice of territory that spans a continental boundary, about unremarkably the line that separates Europe and Asia (such every bit in the example of Russia or Republic of kazakhstan). By dissimilarity, non-contiguous transcontinental countries are those states that have portions of territory that are separated from one another either past a trunk of water or by other countries (such every bit in the example of France). Most not-contiguous transcontinental countries are countries with dependent territories like Denmark with Greenland, simply can be countries that take fully integrated former dependent territories in their central states like France with its overseas regions.^[one]

For the purposes of this article, a seven-continent model is assumed based on common terms of reference by English language geographers.^[2] Combined continents like "the Americas" and "Eurasia" are not best-selling or referenced. The boundary between Europe and Asia is largely conventional (much of it over land), and several conventions remained in use well into the 20th century. Nonetheless, the now-prevalent convention—which has been in use past some cartographers since nearly 1850—follows the Caucasus northern chain, the Ural River and the Ural Mountains, is used for the purposes of this list.^[three] This convention results in several countries finding themselves virtually entirely in 'Asia', with a few small enclaves or districts technically in 'Europe'. However these anomalies, this list of transcontinental or intercontinental states respects the convention that Europe and Asia are full continents rather than subcontinents or component landmasses of a larger Eurasian continent.

Listed further below, separately, are countries with distant non-face-to-face parts (overseas territories) on carve up continents.

Definition

The lists inside this commodity include entries that run across the following criteria:

• Transcontinental or intercontinental states are sovereign states that have some portion of their territory geographically divided between at least 2 continents.^{[i] [4]}
• Transcontinental states tin can exist classed every bit either face-to-face or not-contiguous transcontinental states.^[5]
  • Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that accept one continuous or immediately adjacent piece of territory that spans a continental boundary. More than specifically, they comprise a portion of their territory on one continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these two portions connected via a natural geological land connection (e.thou. Russia) or the two portions being immediately adjacent to one another (east.grand. Turkey).^{[6] [7]}
  • Non-face-to-face transcontinental states are those that have portions of territory that are separated from one another either by a significant trunk of water or by other land.^{[6] [7]} About non-face-to-face transcontinental countries are countries with overseas territories.^[1]

The boundaries betwixt the continents can be vague and subject field to interpretation, making it hard to conclusively define what counts as a 'transcontinental country'.

• For the purposes of this article, a seven-continent model is causeless.^[2]
  • Therefore, states that have territory across sub-continental boundaries, besides as plate boundaries that are internal to continents, are excluded from this commodity.
• Some non-contiguous transcontinental states accept territory situated on afar islands that may or may not be considered a part of another nearby continent (e.yard. Yemen'southward Socotra and Portugal's Madeira). Though in that location is contend^{[ citation needed ]} as to whether these states ought to be considered 'transcontinental', they are yet included in this article.
• States that only have uninhabited island territory equally a role of another continent (due east.k., Venezuela's Aves Island) are considered transcontinental for the purpose of this commodity.^{[ citation needed ]}
• While it is debatable every bit to whether states that accept claimed territory inside the Antarctic Treaty System tin can accept bodily control of that claimed territory (e.g., Chilean Antarctic Territory), they are included in this article.
• Some autonomous regions (or dependent territories) may be constitutionally distinguishable from the parent state that claims them as their territory (e.g., in the case of British Overseas Territories and the United Kingdom), thereby causing debate every bit to whether such states ought to exist considered 'transcontinental'.^{[ commendation needed ]} They are nevertheless included in this article.
  • Micronations, democratic regions, and sub-national entities that are in themselves transcontinental are excluded from the lists in this article every bit a separate entry from their controlling country.
• Any entry must exist a Un member state or a part of the United Nations Organization. Therefore, states with limited recognition are excluded from the lists in this article.

Contiguous boundary

Contiguous transcontinental states are those countries that accept one continuous or immediately adjacent piece of territory that spans a continental purlieus. More specifically, they comprise a portion of their territory on ane continent and a portion of their territory on another continent, while having these two portions connected via a natural geological land connexion (e.g. Russia) or the 2 portions beingness immediately adjacent to one some other (e.g. Turkey).^{[6] [7]}

Africa and Asia

 African country function of Egypt

 Asian land part of Egypt

 The rest of Africa

 The rest of Asia

The modern convention for the land boundary between Asia and Africa runs forth the Isthmus of Suez and the Suez Canal in Arab republic of egypt. The border continues through the Gulf of Suez, Scarlet Body of water, and Gulf of Aden. In artifact, Arab republic of egypt had been considered part of Asia, with the Catabathmus Magnus escarpment taken as the boundary with Africa (Libya).

• Arab republic of egypt: Out of the 27 governorates of Egypt, two prevarication entirely on the Asian Sinai Peninsula and two are transcontinental: Ismailia Governorate is nearly equally divided by the Suez Canal, and Suez Governorate—which is coterminous with the "transcontinental metropolis" of Suez—has a small portion east of the Canal.

Former transcontinental land:

• Israel: After the Yom Kippur War of October 1973, Israel briefly became a transcontinental state as it occupied territory on the African side of the Suez Culvert, in addition to the entirety of Sinai. The country was returned in 1975 per the Sinai Interim Agreement.

Asia and Europe

Conventions used for the purlieus between Europe and Asia during the 18th and 19th centuries. The red line shows the most common modern convention, in use since c.  1850.

 Europe

 Asia

 historically placed in either continent

The conventional Europe-Asia boundary was subject to considerable variation during the 18th and 19th centuries, indicated anywhere betwixt the Don River and the Caucasus to the south or the Ural Mountains to the e. Since the tardily-19th century, the Caucasus–Urals boundary has become virtually universally accepted. According to this now-standard convention, the boundary follows the Aegean Sea, the Turkish Straits, the Black Sea, forth the watershed of the Greater Caucasus, the northwestern portion of the Caspian Sea and along the Ural River and Ural Mountains to the Arctic Ocean.^{[8] [ix]}

Co-ordinate to this convention, the post-obit states take territory in both Asia and Europe.

• : Republic of azerbaijan is a country located mainly on the Asian portion of the Caucasus; however, its Qusar, Shabran, Siazan, Khachmaz and Quba districts are north of the Greater Caucasus Watershed, and thus geographically in Europe, placing a population of about half a million (or ca. five% of the country'due south full population) in Europe.
• : Georgia is located mainly on the Asian portion of the Caucasus; all the same, the Municipality of Kazbegi, north Khevsureti and Tusheti are located north of the Greater Caucasus Watershed and this geographically in Europe, placing effectually five% of the state'due south total territory in Europe. Despite its geography Georgia is considered a European land geopolitically^[10] considering of its historical, cultural, ethnical, and political ties to the continent.^{[xi] [12] [13] [fourteen]}
• : Kazakhstan is a country mainly located in Central Asia,^[15] with a small portion of the country extending due west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe.^[sixteen] The country'due south concrete, cultural, ethnic, and geographic characteristics are Central Asian,^{[sixteen] [17]} with a large European influence and influx of European settlers from Russian federation from when it was a office of the Soviet Wedlock and the before Russian Empire. Its West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions extend on either side of the Ural River,^[18] placing a population of less than one million residents (out of a 15 million total population) geographically in Europe.
• : Russian federation, the largest country in the globe, spans most of northern Eurasia; stretching over a vast expanse of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Its sparsely populated Asian territory was historically incorporated into the Tsardom of Russia in the 17th century by conquests. Russia is considered a European country, as it has historical, cultural, ethnical, and political ties to the continent.^[xix] The vast majority of its population (80%) lives within its European portion, making information technology the almost populous European nation. Russia's capital Moscow is the largest urban center in Europe.
• : Turkey falls almost wholly inside the in Western asia (the Asian portion of Turkey composing the Anatolian Peninsula and additional land) plus a smaller portion of the state in the Balkan Peninsula in Southeastern Europe chosen Due east Thrace, which covers only 3% of the country's full area, with a population of virtually 11 one thousand thousand people, or some 14% of the country's population. Turkey's largest city Istanbul spans either side of the Bosphorus, making information technology a "transcontinental city" in both Europe and Asia,^[20] while the country's capital Ankara is located in Asia. The territory of the current Turkish state is the core territory of the previous Ottoman Empire that was also transcontinental in the aforementioned geographic region, which itself had also supplanted the earlier, similarly transcontinental Byzantine Empire.

Due north America and Due south America

Map of the Darién Gap at the edge between Colombia and Panama

The conventional boundary between Northward America and South America is at some betoken on the Colombia–Panama border, with the most common demarcation in atlases and other sources following the Darién Mountains watershed where the Isthmus of Panama meets the Southward American continent (see Darién Gap). This expanse encompasses a big watershed, forest and mountains in the northern portion of Colombia's Chocó Section and Panama's Darién Province.

Not-face-to-face

North America and South America

• Republic of colombia: Nigh of Colombia, predominantly its mainland, is located in northern South America (see North America and Due south America to a higher place) and the Malpelo Island in the Pacific Sea is also associated with South America, only the state also administers the San Andrés and Providencia archipelago, 640 kilometres (400 mi) WNW of Republic of colombia's Caribbean Coast, in North America.
• Venezuela (Aves Isle): Nearly of Venezuela, predominantly its mainland, is located in northern South America. Aves Island, however, is geographically a definitive office of North America. It is one of the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela which are under the assistants of the Ministry of Interior, Justice and Peace.

The special case of Caribbean islands adjacent to the South American coastline:

• Trinidad and Tobago: The land of Trinidad and Tobago lies on two tectonic plates. The southern one-half of Trinidad lies on the South American Plate while the northern half of Trinidad and the island of Tobago prevarication on the Caribbean area Plate. Even so, these geological features do not necessarily qualify Trinidad and Tobago as a transcontinental state, as the whole territory is oft labeled geopolitically every bit part of North America.
• Leeward Antilles (Collectively Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao of the Netherlands; Nueva Esparta of Venezuela; and the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, excluding Aves Isle): The Caribbean islands division of North America and South America is complicated. Geopolitically, all Caribbean islands in the Due west Indies are often labeled as Due north American islands, but geologically, the islands of the Leeward Antilles lie on the continental shelf of Due south America, and tin be considered South American as well. Excluding the geographically North American Aves Isle, the remaining Venezuelan islands of the Federal Dependencies are islands situated in the Caribbean Sea on the continental shelf of South America. These islands are n of the Venezuelan mainland and are akin to the location of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, the islands of the Land of Nueva Esparta (Margarita Island, Coche Island, and Cubagua) are as well situated in the Caribbean Bounding main but to the northward of the Caribbean coastline of the Venezuelan mainland. However, all of the non-Venezuelan islands in this area are typically considered North American rather than South American.^[23]

Caribbean area Island locations

North American Caribbean area islands administered past South American states:

Caribbean islands considered North American or S American:

North America, Oceania, and Asia

• United States: While the territory of the United States lies overwhelmingly in North America, it includes the state of Hawaii in Oceania also as other Oceanian island possessions and Alaskan islands on Northeast Asia's continental shelf.^[24]

South America and Oceania

• Chile: Republic of chile is mostly on the South American mainland and includes the Oceanian islands of Easter Isle and Isla Salas y Gómez Island.^[24] Those and the Juan Fernández Islands and Desventuradas Islands are role of the Valparaíso Region.
• Ecuador: The Pacific Ocean archipelago of the Galápagos Islands, virtually 1,000 kilometers from continental Republic of ecuador, is sometimes considered role of Oceania.^{[25] [26] [27] [28] [29]} This is considering of the distance separating them from mainland Due south America, and their geology. The islands lie on the Nazca Plate with Easter Isle, which is considered to exist dissever to the Due south American Plate, and they additionally border the Pacific Plate.^[30] The Galápagos Islands did not have whatsoever known human ties to South America during the pre-Columbian era,^{[31] [32]} however, they also do non fit into a cultural subregion of Oceania and the Pacific, as is the case with Easter Island, which historically was Polynesian.^{[33] [32]}

Europe and North America

• Denmark: As a elective part of the Danish Realm, Greenland is a non-sovereign state within the Kingdom of Denmark. Fully located on the North American tectonic plate, and close to the mainland, Greenland is considered to be geographically a office of North America,^[34] with the United Nations categorizing them every bit such.^[35] Although it is politically associated with Europe and internationally represented by a European state (including in the Council of Europe), it is autonomous. Historically and ethnically, its native population is of North American tradition, although it also shares cultural links with other native peoples adjoining the Arctic Ocean in Northern Europe and Asia (today in Norway, Sweden, Republic of finland and Russia), as well as in North America (Alaska in the U.Due south., Northwest Territories, Nunavut and northern parts of Quebec and Labrador in Canada). Greenland was part of Danish territory and within the territory of the European Union, but voted for more than autonomy and is now excluded from the European union.^[36]

Europe, Due north America, and South America

• Netherlands: Though most of the The netherlands' landmass is in Europe, information technology also includes vi isle territories in the Bottom Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Bounding main: the Dutch Caribbean area. Within the Lesser Antilles archipelago, three territories are in the Leeward Islands grouping (considered part of the continent of North America) and three in the Leeward Antilles group (on the South American continental shelf). Since the dissolution of the Dutch Antilles in 2010, the sovereign Kingdom of the Netherlands has been administratively divided into four non-sovereign elective "countries": Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the Netherlands — the last of which includes the islands of Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba (collectively known as the BES islands or the Caribbean Netherlands) as "special municipalities", making it a non-sovereign transcontinental constituent land inside the Kingdom.

Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, and Antarctica

• French republic: Metropolitan France is located in Europe, while the five overseas departments and regions, five overseas collectivities, and one Sui generis collectivity are located in other continental regions. Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon are located in N America, French Guiana is located in South America, Mayotte and Réunion are located in Africa, and French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia are located in Oceania. These xi populated territories of overseas France are integral parts of France, as are the uninhabited Clipperton Island (considered either N American or Oceanian)^{[29] [24]} and the uninhabited Territory of the french southern and antarctic lands, which include the claimed Adélie Country on the Antarctic mainland, the Crozet Islands and the Kerguelen Islands in the Antarctic region, Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands on the Australian Plate, and the Scattered Islands in the Indian Sea. French sovereignty claim on Adélie Land is in cessation under the Antarctic Treaty Arrangement. France has territory in each continental region except Asia.

Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, Asia, and Antarctica

• United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: The United Kingdom, located in Northwestern Europe, possesses the 'dependent territories' of Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are located in North America. The Falkland Islands are located in South America. The S Georgia and the S Sandwich Islands are associated with S America but straddle the plate purlieus with and are closer to Antarctica. The Pitcairn Islands are located in Oceania. The islands of Saint Helena, Rise, and Tristan da Cunha are located in Africa. The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are located in Asia, and the British indian ocean territory is located in the center of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia (geologically a office of Southern asia, but geopolitically a part of Due east Africa).^[35] The British Antarctic Territory is located in Antarctica. The United Kingdom is the only state in the globe to possess territories in each continental region.

Africa and Europe

• Italy: Italy has a number of pocket-size islands southward of Sicily which, geographically tin can exist considered part of the African continent, due to their proximity to Tunisia. The closest country to Pantelleria and the Pelagie Islands (Lampedusa, Linosa and Lampione) is Tunisia on the African mainland. Withal, Pantelleria and Linosa are considered office of Europe, Lampedusa and Lampione role of Africa.^[37]
• Portugal: Continental Portugal is in Europe, while the archipelago of Madeira, an Autonomous Region (including Porto Santo Island, the Desertas Islands and the Brutal Islands), is associated with Africa.^[38] If the Azores Autonomous Region is considered to be split as two island groups (with the westernmost Flores Island and Corvo Island on the North American tectonic plate being a distinct group from the residue), Portugal would be a transcontinental state geologically (see Europe and Northward America above). Yet, geologic tectonic plate separation does not necessarily define geographical continental distinction.
• Spain: Although its mainland is in Europe, Spain has territory including ii provinces and ii autonomous cities in Africa. Close to 5% of Espana'southward population live on the African continent. Territories include the Canary Islands in the Atlantic,^{[39] [twoscore]} the cities of Ceuta and Melilla on mainland Due north Africa and its plazas de soberanía, which are shut to those cities that are geographically part of Africa. The Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are 3 of the xix democratic communities and cities that form Espana, while the plazas de soberanía are nether a unlike status, akin to unincorporated territories. The African Mediterranean isle of Alboran belongs to the transcontinental urban center of Almería and the transcontinental province of Almería.

Asia and Africa

• Yemen: Although mainland Yemen is in the southern Arabian Peninsula and thus part of Asia, and its Hanish Islands, Zubair Group, and Perim in the Red Sea are associated with Asia, Yemen's national territory extends to the archipelago of Socotra, which lies east of the horn of Somalia^[41] and is much closer to Africa than to Asia.^[42]

Asia and Europe

• Greece: The territory of Hellenic republic includes a number of islands just off the declension of Asia Minor, such as Rhodes, Kos, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, Kastellorizo, Strongyli Megistis, and Ro.

Asia and Oceania

• Commonwealth of australia: The Commonwealth of Australia consists of its namesake continent and island possessions associated with Oceania, Asia, and Antarctica. Its Indian Ocean island possessions of Christmas Isle and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands are geographically associated with Southeast Asia. The majority of residents on these islands have Asian ancestry; there is also a proportion of Australians and New Zealanders on the islands who have European ancestry.^{[43] [44]} The islands have no proper indigenous population, as they were simply discovered in the 17th century, past Europeans. Christmas Isle and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are classified as being in Oceania past the United Nations. They are nevertheless part of the Australian continental plate, and could potentially exist geographically office of Oceania nether definitions that include the Malay Archipelago, or which are based on tectonic plates.
• Nihon: Japan'south Izu islands and Ogasawara Hamlet (consisting of the Ogasawara islands, the Volcano Islands, and 3 remote islands; Nishinoshima, Minami-Tori-shima and Okinotorishima) are occasionally considered function of Oceania.^{[26] [24] [45] [46]} The islands in Ogasawara village (known collectively as the Bonin Islands) vest to the Oceanian biogeographic realm, which is distinct to the balance of Japan. Additionally, they are believed to have once been inhabited by Indigenous peoples of Oceania effectually 2,000 years ago, with their official discovery coming much later in the 16th century, through Europeans.^[47] The most remote island, Minami-Tori-shima (too known as Marcus Island) is 2,000 kilometers removed from Tokyo.
• Indonesia: Republic of indonesia currently controls Western New Guinea, which is culturally associated with Oceania, and geologically a function of the Australian continental landmass.^{[25] [48] [49]}
• Negara brunei darussalam, Democratic republic of timor-leste, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Singapore: The Malay Archipelago, which lies on the border of Melanesia and Southeast Asia, can exist considered a transcontinental region. Many initial 19th century definitions of Oceania included almost or all of the Malay Archipelago,^{[50] [51] [52] [53]} but this is extremely rare today.^[54] Indonesia (excluding Western New Guinea) and East timor are still occasionally associated with Oceania, as they are the closest to Commonwealth of australia and Melanesia. The Philippines are the closest to the Oceanian subregion of Micronesia. Anthropologically, New Guinea is a office of Melanesia, but it is sometimes included in the Malay Archipelago. The state of Papua New Guinea is an observer in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean), which includes mainland states of Southeast Asia, and has contemplated full membership in this organisation.^[55] Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore are all dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, and East timor are an observer. However, simply countries solely associated with Oceania have full membership, such every bit Australia, Micronesia, Republic of the fiji islands, New Zealand and Samoa.^[56]

Antarctica and other continents

Sub-antarctic region

• Argentina, Australia, Republic of chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, and the Britain: These eight states accept overseas island possessions in the Subantarctic region between 46°South and 60°S latitude. Subantarctic islands that are due north of 60°S latitude but south of the Antarctic Convergence and that are recognized past international police force as being full sovereign possessions of an administering country are: Bouvet Island (Norway), Heard Isle and McDonald Islands (Commonwealth of australia), the Kerguelen Islands (France), and South Georgia and the Southward Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom). The United Nations categorize Bouvet Isle and S Georgia and the S Sandwich Islands as part of South America, and Heard Island and McDonald Islands as part of Oceania.^[35] South Georgia and the Southward Sandwich Islands is sometimes considered to exist geographically inside the bounds of South America,^{[57] [58]} however, the other islands are amidst the well-nigh isolated locations in the world. Human activeness is very limited on Bouvet Island and Heard Island and McDonald Islands; for example, the McDonald Islands have simply ever been visited twice throughout their entire recorded history, with the concluding visit being in 1980.^[59]

Antarctic region

• Argentine republic, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom: These 7 states claim portions of the Antarctic mainland (some of them overlapping)^{[note 1]}, as well equally its associated islands south of threescore°Due south latitude. Some, including Argentina and Republic of chile, consider the Antarctic country they claim to be integral parts of their national territory. However, none of these claims are recognized by the Un and the international community.^{[note two]} Since 1961, the Antarctic Treaty System has held in abeyance all land claims south of 60°Southward breadth, including Antarctica's ice shelves and Antarctic islands.

See also

• Boundaries betwixt the continents of Earth
• Dependent territory
• Historical powers
• List of countries by continent
• List of one-time transcontinental countries
• Thalassocracy

Notes

1. ^ The Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the U.k. overlap to some caste.
2. ^ Australia, France, New Zealand, Kingdom of norway, and the Great britain recognize each other's Antarctic claims (which do non overlap).^[60]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Transcontinental Countries Of The World". WorldAtlas. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-31 .
2. ^ ^{a b} "Continent". NationalGeographic.org. National Geographic. Retrieved 5 Feb 2019.
3. ^ The question was treated as a "controversy" in British geographical literature until at least the 1860s, with Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest boundary every bit the "best possible", citing support from various "modernistic geographers" (Journeying in the Caucasus, Proceedings of the Imperial Geographical Order, Volumes 13–14, 1869). In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Social club formally recommended that the boundary between Europe and Asia exist drawn in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay, on the Kara Bounding main, along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, then the Ural River to the Mugodzhar Hills, the Emba River, and the Kuma–Manych Depression (i.e. passing well north of the Caucasus); "Do we live in Europe or in Asia?" (in Russian). ; Orlenok 5. (1998). "Concrete Geography" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2011-10-16. . Nevertheless, most Soviet-era geographers connected to favour the boundary along the Caucasus crest. (East. M. Moores, R. West. Fairbridge, Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology, Springer, 1997, ISBN 978-0-412-74040-iv, p. 34: "most Soviet geographers took the watershed of the Primary Range of the Greater Caucasus as the boundary between Europe and Asia.")
4. ^ "transcontinental". OxfordDictionaries.com . Retrieved v February 2019.
5. ^ "contiguous". Dictionary.Cambridge.org . Retrieved five Feb 2019.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Misachi, John (25 Apr 2017). "Which Countries Span More Than One Continent?". WorldAtlas.com . Retrieved 5 Feb 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Ramos, Juan (xix March 2018). "What Continent Is Egypt Officially In?". ScienceTrends.com . Retrieved 5 February 2019.
8. ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (9th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 2011. ISBN978-ane-4262-0634-iv. "Europe" (plate 59); "Asia" (plate 74): "A commonly accustomed division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Body of water, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Bounding main with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
9. ^ Earth Factbook. Washington, DC: Fundamental Intelligence Agency. 22 March 2022.
10. ^ "Country profiles".
11. ^ https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/Kelly%2520and%2520Kramer%2520-%2520Georgia_0.pdf^{[ blank URL PDF ]}
12. ^ "x things y'all might not know about Georgia - BBC News". BBC News. iv July 2013.
13. ^ "EU relations with Georgia - Consilium".
14. ^ "BBC - Religions - Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church".
15. ^ "Kazakhstan - Local Travel Information and Metropolis Guide".
16. ^ ^{a b} https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&commodity=1520&context=ree^{[ bare URL PDF ]}
17. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Kazakhstan, Retrieved: 8 May 2016
18. ^ World Factbook. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. 17 March 2022. Republic of kazakhstan: Geography
19. ^ Pashentsev, Evgeny, ed. (2019). Strategic Communication in EU-Russian federation Relations: Tensions, Challenges and Opportunities. Springer Nature. ISBN9783030272531 . Retrieved xx March 2022. Russia is culturally part of Europe and this will still be the case in the future.
20. ^ "Istanbul, Turkey - Paradigm of the Week - Earth Watching".
21. ^ "Panama Canal | Definition, History, Treaty, Map, Locks, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
22. ^ Northward America
23. ^ Southward. Ridgely, Robert; Guy, Tudor (1989). The Birds of Due south America: Volume 1: The Oscine Passerines. Academy of Texas Printing. p. 14. ISBN9780292707566 . Retrieved 12 March 2022. Finally, a few comments on the area we consider to be part of "South America" are in order. Essentially we accept followed the limits established by Meyer de Schauensee (1970: xii) with a few minor modifications. Thus, all the continental inshore islands are included (e.g., Trinidad and Tobago; various minor islands off the northern coast of Venezuela, kingdom of the netherlands Antilles [Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao]; and Fernando de Noronha, off the northeastern coast of Brazil), but islands more properly considered part of the West Indies (e.g. Grenada) are not. To the south, we have opted to include the Falkland Islands (or Islas Malvinas — in referring to them as the Falklands we are not making any political statement but merely recognizing that this volume is beingness written in the English language), as their avifauna is really very similar to that of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Notwithstanding, various other islands farther out in the South Atlantic (eastward.g., Southward Georgia) are not included except incidentally (e.g., owned South Georgia Pipit have been incorporated). Likewise, the Juan Fernández Islands far off the Chilean coast have not been included (except for incidental comments), nor accept the Galápagos Islands, situated even farther off the Ecuadorian coast.
24. ^ ^{a b c d} "Oceania Military Guide". GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 6 January 2022.
25. ^ ^{a b} "Oceania Bibliography" (PDF). Helictite: Periodical of Australasian Cavern Inquiry. 25 (1). 1987. Retrieved 16 March 2022. This newspaper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the w to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.
26. ^ ^{a b} Todd, Ian (1974). Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. ISBN9780207127618 . Retrieved 2 February 2022. [we] can farther define the discussion civilization to mean language. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese role. The Japanese civilisation groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying s and s-east of Nippon, are inhabited either past Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will non be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language civilisation groups of islands. 2 of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as split up chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Castilian civilization isle groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or take a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer most exclusively to the English language and French language cultures.
27. ^ Review of the Protected Areas Organization in Oceania (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. Retrieved 17 January 2022. Easter Island on the eastward has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.
28. ^ Hull, Frank M. (1937). A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania (PDF). Department of Biology, University of Missouri. Retrieved 17 Jan 2022. Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, only for comparative purposes, in the table just, it is also considered in a broad sense every bit including New Guinea, Commonwealth of australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and Galapagos.
29. ^ ^{a b} Terry, James P. (1998). Climate and Environmental Change in the Pacific. The University of Michigan. p. 5. ISBN9789820103580 . Retrieved 11 March 2022. The British added the Ellice, Pitcairn and portions of the Phoenix Islands; the Australians consolidated their claims to Papua; and the French consolidated their claims to Clipperton islands; Easter and adjacent islands were claimed by Republic of chile, Cocos Island was claimed past Costa Rica, and the Galapagos claimed past Ecuador. By 1900 at that place were virtually no remaining islands in Oceania unclaimed by foreign powers.
30. ^ Steadman, David W. (2006). Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. p. vii. ISBN9780226771427 . Retrieved 4 February 2022.
31. ^ Sues, Hans-Diete; MacPhee, Ross D.E (1999). Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences. Springer US. p. 29. ISBN9780306460920 . Retrieved i Feb 2022. The homo colonization of remote Oceania occurred in the belatedly Holocene. Prehistoric human explorers missed merely the Galápagos and a very few out-of-the-way places equally they surged e out of the Solomons, island-hopping thousands of kilometers through the Polynesian heartland to reach Hawaii to the far north, Easter Island over 7500km to the east and, New Zealand to the s
32. ^ ^{a b} Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). "Due east of Easter: Traces of man impact in the far-eastern Pacific" (PDF). In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). Islands of Enquiry. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. CiteSeerXten.1.i.593.8988. hdl:1885/38139. ISBN978-1-921313-89-ix. JSTOR j.ctt24h8gp.20.
33. ^ Janick, Jules (2010). Horticultural Reviews, Volume 36. Wiley. p. 146. ISBN9780470527221 . Retrieved i Feb 2022. Oceania is a broadly applied term for the thousands of islands in the Pacific Sea. They range from extremely small, uninhabited islands, to large ones, including Commonwealth of australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. Oceania is further grouped into three regions, Melanesia, Federated states of micronesia and Polynesia. There a few other Pacific island groups that do non fit into these groupings, such as Galapagos.
34. ^ Coffey, Luke. "Broadening U.S. Ties With Greenland Is a Smart Move". The Heritage Foundation.
35. ^ ^{a b c} "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economical and other groupings". United Nations Statistics Division.
36. ^ "Greenland: the only country to have left the Eu". ABC News. Nov eight, 2016 – via www.abc.internet.au.
37. ^ Hutt, Graham (2010). North Africa. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Limited. p. 265. ISBN9781846238833.
38. ^ Ryan, Peter (2017). Guide to Seabirds of Southern Africa. Penguin Random House South Africa. ISBN9781775845201 . Retrieved 12 March 2022.
39. ^ Abram, Simone; Macleod, Don; Waldren, Jackie (2021). Tourists and Tourism: Identifying with People and Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN9781000324143 . Retrieved 12 March 2022. The Canary Islands are politically part of Spain, but geographically part of Africa, existence islands of volcanic origin situated around 1 hundred miles off the coast of Due north-West Africa.
40. ^ Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization Of Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. ISBN9781135363673 . Retrieved 12 March 2022. The offshore Canary Islands, although historically and geographically part of Africa, remained culturally, economically and politically function of Kingdom of spain.
41. ^ "Socotra". Britannica.com. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 5 Feb 2019.
42. ^ Evans, Mike. "Islands east of the Horn of Africa and southward of Yemen". WorldWildlife.org . Retrieved five February 2019.
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45. ^ "Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions - ANU". Printing-files.anu.edu.au. 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2022-01-18 .
46. ^ Thomson, Lex; Doran, John; Clarke, Bronwyn (2018). Trees for life in Oceania: Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity (PDF). Canberra, Australia: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2022. In a number of cases, homo exploitation of sure high-value tree species, including sandalwoods and other highly prized timbers, has led to their extinction—such as the sandalwood species Santalum fernandezianum, in Juan Fernández Islands; and others to the brink of extinction, such Due south. boninensis in Ogasawara Islands, Nippon; or is an ongoing threatening factor in the examples of S. yasi in Fiji and Tonga, Gyrinops spp. in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Intsia bijuga throughout the Pacific Islands.
47. ^ "小笠原諸島の歴史". www.iwojima.jp.
48. ^ Ernst, Manfred; Anisi, Anna (one February 2016). "The Historical Development of Christianity in Oceania". Sanneh/Wiley: 588–604 – via world wide web.academia.edu.
49. ^ "The Australian Continent". www.virtualoceania.internet.
50. ^ Parley, Peter (1866). Tales about Europe, Asia, Africa, America, & Oceania. Oxford University. p. 2. Retrieved 12 March 2022. Oceania consists of Australasia, Polynesia and Malaysia. Australasia means South asia. It comprises New The netherlands or Australia, Van Diemen'south State or Tasmania, Papua or New Guinea, Norfolk Island, New Zealand and some smaller islands. Polynesia is the term given to the various islands in the Pacific Ocean, which, every bit you may see on the map, are situated to the eastward of Australia, including the Philippine Islands. Malaysia is the proper name given to the islands of the Malay Archipelago, which are principally inhabited by the Malay race, comprising Borneo, the Lord's day Isles, Celebes, Moluccas [...]
51. ^ Brownish, Robert (1876). "Oceania: General Characteristics". The countries of the world. Oxford Academy. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
52. ^ Cornell, Sophia S. (1859). Cornell'due south First Steps in Geography. The University of Michigan. Retrieved xi March 2022.
53. ^ Chambers's New Handy Book American Encyclopædia: Volume 9. The University of Virginia. 1885. p. 657. Retrieved xiii March 2022. the whole region has sometimes been called Oceania, and sometimes Australasia—more often than not, notwithstanding, in mod times, to the exclusion of the islands in the Indian archipelago, to which certain writers have given the name of Malaysia [...] we accept the 3 geographical divisions of Malaysia, Australasia and Polynesia, the last mentioned of which embraces all the groups and unmarried islands not included nether the other two. Accepting this organisation, nonetheless the limits between Australasia and Polynesia have not been very accurately defined; indeed, scarcely any two geographers appear to be quite agreed upon the subject; neither shall we pretend to decide in the matter. The following listing, however, comprises all the principal groups and single island non previously named as coming under the sectionalisation of Australasia: 1. Northward of the equator—The Ladrone or Marian islands. the Pelew islands, the Caroline islands, the Radack and Ralick chains, the Sandwich islands, Gilbert's or Kingstnill's archipelago. and the Galapagos. 2. South of the equator—The Ellice group, the Phoenix and Union groups. the Fiji islands, the Friendly islands, the Navigator's islands. Cook's or Harvey islands, the Club islands. the Dangerous archipelago, the Marquesas islands, Pitcairn island, and Easter isle.
54. ^ Henderson, John William (1971). Area Handbook for Oceania. U.Due south. Government Printing Office. p. five. Retrieved xi March 2022.
55. ^ "Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid". GMA News. Retrieved xv July 2014.
56. ^ "The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie". Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc. Retrieved 2022-03-02 .
57. ^ "South Georgia and Due south Sandwich Islands". Central Intelligence Agency. March 3, 2022 – via CIA.gov.
58. ^ Westward, Jacqueline (2002). South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN9781857431384 . Retrieved 12 March 2022.
59. ^ Whitley, David (14 January 2015). "Advance Commonwealth of australia far: Our nigh remote outposts". Traveller.
60. ^ "Did yous know that 7 countries have claims in Antarctica?". Norwegian Polar Institute. Retrieved 30 August 2020.

External links

• Transcontinental states according to World Gazetteer at annal.today (archived 2012-12-18)

schillingermoderfe1965.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries

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